Who are we and what do we do:

Mineralogy is one of the few sciences in which the amateur can still make a significant contribution.  The Friends of Mineralogy (FM) was started to bridge the gap between the amateur collector and professional mineralogists.  We are affiliated with the Mineralogical Record, the American Geological Institute, and Rocks and Minerals magazine.  FM encourages education through awards for best articles in Rocks and Mineral magazine, extraLapis English, and the Mineralogical Record.  Many state mineral location indices have been prepared by FM chapters or individual members.  More state indices are currently in the works.  These locality indices prepared by FM members appear frequently in Rocks and Minerals magazine.  We have seven regional chapters: The Colorado Chapter, Midwest Chapter, Pacific Northwest Chapter, Pennsylvania Chapter, Southern California Chapter, Mississippi Valley Chapter, and Southeast Chapter.  Educational symposia and field trips are held both nationally and regionally.  Each year FM sponsors a symposium at the Tucson Gem and Mineral Society show.  Also at the Tucson Show, we honor the best educational display cases for both individual and institution.  We have also given financial support to significant educational publications such as the recent History of the Petrographic Microscope special supplement to the Mineralogical Record.  The Colorado Chapter also sponsored the update of Edwin Eckel’s legendary Minerals of Colorado (U.S. Geological Survey Bulletin 1141).  We remain strongly committed to our goals of education, preservation minerals and mineral locations, and dissemination of information about these occurrences.

The Southeast Chapter was organized in the fall of 1998.  The purposes of the Southeast Chapter as stated in the bylaws are:

• to preserve and protect mineral specimens for education and research;
  
• to promote the preservation of valuable specimen localities and mining deposits;
  
• to encourage the collection and acquisition of minerals for their research and educational value;
  
• to advance programs of mineral study and the educational activities of amateur mineral organizations;
  
• to promote the dissemination of information about minerals, mineral localities, collections and mineralogical research.

Our big event of the year is a mineralogical symposium and fieldtrip, held each fall.  We also have a quarterly newsletter and field trips, and this web page (www.southeastfm.org).

Bylaws:
The Friends of Mineralogy – Southeast CHAPTER, incorporated as a non-profit corporation under Virginia law, is organized exclusively for scientific and educational purposes in the field of mineralogy.  These purposes are enumerated in the Articles of Incorporation as follows:

• to preserve and protect mineral specimens for education and research;
  
• to promote the preservation of valuable specimen localities and mining deposits;
  
• to encourage the collection and acquisition of minerals for their research and educational value;
  
• to advance programs of mineral study and the educational activities of amateur mineral organizations;
  
• to promote the dissemination of information about minerals, mineral localities, collections and mineralogical research.
  

The Southeast CHAPTER'S purposes and policies are identical to those of Friends of Mineralogy, Incorporated, which is organized under California law to operate both in the United States and all foreign countries. The Southeast CHAPTER is affiliated with Friends of Mineralogy, Inc., and conducts all business in accordance with its Charter, Bylaws and Operating Procedures.

FRIENDS OF MINERALOGY – SOUTHEAST CHAPTER

BYLAWS

Table of Contents

NUMBER I                        PURPOSE OF THE BYLAWS

NUMBER II                        METHOD FOR CHANGING
                                             BYLAWS

NUMBER III                        OPERATING PROCEDURES

NUMBER IV                        DUTIES AND POWERS OF
                                               OFFICERS

NUMBER V                        DUTIES AND POWERS OF THE
                                              BOARD OF DIRECTORS

NUMBER VI      NOMINATION, ELECTION, RESIGNATION,
                             AND EXPULSION OF OFFICERS AND
                             DIRECTORS

NUMBER VII                        DISBURSEMENT OF FUNDS

NUMBER VIII                        MEMBERSHIP QUORUM

NUMBER IX      MEMBERSHIP QUALIFICATIONS AND
                             ADMISSION TO THE CHAPTER

NUMBER X      MEMBERSHIP TERMINATION,
                            SUSPENSION AND WITHDRAWAL FROM
                           THE CHAPTER

NUMBER XI                        MEMBERSHIP DUES

NUMBER XII                        MEETINGS

NUMBER XIII                        PROHIBITED ACTIVITIES

FRIENDS OF MINERALOGY – SOUTHEAST CHAPTER

BYLAWS

NUMBER I                        PURPOSE OF THE BYLAWS

Section 1            These Bylaws are the rules and regulations for conducting business and activities of the CHAPTER and shall be binding on all members of the CHAPTER.

NUMBER II                        METHOD FOR CHANGING BYLAWS

Section 1            These Bylaws may be changes by a majority vote of a quorum of the membership, and in accordance with the following procedure:

(A) The CHAPTER, in adopting and amending its Bylaws and Operating Procedures, shall make them compatible with those of Friends of Mineralogy, Inc.

(B) Amendments to the Bylaws may be proposed by any member of the Board of Directors. Proposed amendments shall be submitted in writing to the Board of Directors. The Board shall then mail the prepared amendment to each member of the CHAPTER at least thirty (30) days prior to the next general membership meeting at which a vote on the amendment is scheduled. A mail-in ballot form will be included for members unable to attend the general membership meeting.

(C) After the proposal has been presented for open discussion from the floor, votes on the proposed amendment shall be cast by written ballot or received by the CHAPTER Secretary as mail-in ballots prior to the general membership meeting.  The proposal as presented shall not be modified during the open floor discussion.

(D) In the event that the proposed amendment is rejected, modification may be made to the original proposal at the same meeting, and the new proposal so amended may be submitted to the membership for discussion and voting under the procedure outlined in Paragraph B of this Section.

NUMBER III                        OPERATING PROCEDURES

Section 1            All other CHAPTER business and activities not defined or described in the Bylaws shall be conducted according to customary Operating Procedures as determined by the Board of Directors.

(A) Operating procedures may be established, revised or revoked by a majority vote of a quorum of the Board of Directors.

(B) The Operating Procedures shall not be in conflict with the Bylaws or Articles of Incorporation.

NUMBER IV                        DUTIES AND POWERS OF
                                               OFFICERS

Section 1            All Officers, Directors and Chairpersons shall comply with the Bylaws and Operating Procedures of the CHAPTER and Friends of Mineralogy, Inc.

Section 2            The President shall:

(A) Act as presiding officer at all regular and special meetings of the CHAPTER and the Board of Directors. He/she shall call special meetings as deemed necessary.

(B) Appoint a Nominating Committee of three (3) persons to seek suitable candidates for elected positions at least sixty (60) days before the scheduled election.

(C) Appoint an Audit Committee of three (3) persons to review the account books and records of the CHAPTER annually.

(D) File a report of CHAPTER activities to the Secretary of Friends of Mineralogy, Inc., on an annual basis.

Section 3            The Vice President shall:

(A) Assume all duties of the President during his/her absence.

Section 4            The Secretary shall:

(A) Record, as minutes, the transactions of all meetings.

(B) Keep the Bylaws and Operating Procedures current.

(C) File a copy of the Bylaws and Operating Procedures with the Secretary of Friends of Mineralogy, Inc., for archiving.

Section 5            The Treasurer shall:

(A) Receive and deposit all funds of the CHAPTER in a bank or other depository as approved by the Board of Directors. The CHAPTER Treasurer shall keep a complete and accurate record of all receipts and expenditures, balance the account books, and render a complete financial report at every Board of Directors meeting, annually to the CHAPTER, and at other times as required.

(B) Keep an accurate account of all real and personal property of the CHAPTER. The Treasurer shall be property custodian or delegate the duties of custodian with the approval of the Board of Directors.

(C) Surrender all account books and records to the Audit Committee annually and additionally at the request of the Board of Directors.

NUMBER V                        DUTIES AND POWERS OF THE
                                              BOARD OF DIRECTORS

Section 1          The Board of Directors shall develop and manage policies and activities in accordance with the CHAPTER'S Articles of Incorporation, Bylaws, and Operating Procedures.

Section 2          The Board of Directors shall consist of the CHAPTER's Officers, including: President, Vice President, Secretary, Treasurer, and one (1) Director elected from the membership at-large.

(A) Board members that are officers shall serve a one-year term.  The Director at-large shall serve a two-year term.

(B) Officers and Directors are required to attend all meetings of the Board of Directors and the general membership.

Section 3            Voting

(A) A quorum for the Board of Directors shall be three (3) Board members including the President.

(B) Every Officer and Director shall have one (1) vote, however, the CHAPTER President shall not vote except to break a tie.

(C) Voting on membership matters shall be by a majority vote of the Officers and Directors.

Section 4            Meetings

(A) Board of Directors meetings shall be held as called by the President or at the request of three members of the Board.

(B) The meetings of the Board of Directors are open to all CHAPTER members: however, participation in deliberations shall be limited to Board members or such other persons as may be required or requested by the Board.

(C) Failure of a member of the Board of Directors to attend two (2) consecutive Board of Directors meetings or three consecutive general membership meetings, may, at the discretion of the remaining members of the Board of Directors, result in dismissal from the Board.

Section 5          In the event of a vacancy on the Board of Directors, the President shall recommend an interim replacement for Board approval, and the replacement shall serve until his/her successor is chosen at the next annual meeting.

Section 6          The Board of Directors shall appoint a registered agent to represent Friends of Mineralogy – Southeast CHAPTER when doing business with the State of Virginia.

NUMBER VI      NOMINATION, ELECTION, RESIGNATION,
                            AND EXPULSION OF OFFICERS AND
                             DIRECTORS

Section 1            Nomination

(A) The President shall appoint a Nominating Committee of two (2) persons to seek suitable candidates for elected positions at least sixty (60) days prior to the scheduled election.

(B) The Nominating Committee shall present a complete slate of not less than two (2) candidates for each office, if possible.

(C) The recommendations of the Nominating Committee shall be presented to the membership prior to the November general membership meeting.

Section 2            Election

(A) The complete list of candidates shall be incorporated into a ballot form and mailed to all members not less than fourteen (14) days prior to the general membership meeting at which the election is to be held.

(B) Votes shall be cast by written ballot or received by the Secretary as mail-in ballots prior to the general membership meeting. Election of Officers and Directors shall be held at the general membership meeting.

(C) Candidates receiving the majority number of votes cast shall be considered elected and will assume office, effective January 1 of the following year.

Section 3          Any Officer or Director may resign by presenting a written resignation to the Board of Directors.

Section 4          Any Officer of Director may be removed form office for cause by the affirmative vote of 2/3 of the members of the general membership at any meeting provided that; a) the membership has been given advance notice of the impending vote and; b) the person has had an opportunity to be heard.

NUMBER VII                        DISBURSEMENT OF FUNDS

Section 1            Expenditures

(A) Expenditures to defray operating costs shall be approved by the Board of Directors.

(B) Expenditures in excess of one-hundred fifty dollars ($150.00) per single expense shall be approved by the majority of members at a general membership meeting.

Section 2          All checks to defray the expenses of the CHAPTER shall bear the signature of the Treasurer or another Officer with signatory authority.

NUMBER VIII                        MEMBERSHIP QUORUM

Section 1          A quorum of members at any general membership meeting shall be those present in person, and those represented by mail-in ballot when required. The act of a majority of members of a quorum shall be the act of the full membership. Each member shall be entitled to one vote in person, or one vote by mail-in ballot received prior to the meeting when appropriate.

NUMBER IX      MEMBERSHIP QUALIFICATIONS AND
                             ADMISSION TO THE CHAPTER

Section 1            Qualifications

(A) A person must belong to Friends of Mineralogy, Inc., or must make application to become a member.

(B) Any individual who supports the purposes and objectives of the CHAPTER and the Friends of Mineralogy, Inc., may become a member by a majority vote of quorum of the Board of Directors.

(C) Membership may be denied if the Board of Directors has evidence that an individual has acted or will act unethically or contrary to the purposes and objectives of the CHAPTER or Friends of Mineralogy, Inc.

Section 2            Admission

(A) A person may apply for CHAPTER membership by completing an application. An application for membership in Friends of Mineralogy, Inc., must be submitted at the same time unless the applicant is already a current member of the Friends of Mineralogy, Inc.  Dues for one year must accompany the application.  Applications may be accepted by any Officer or the Membership Committee Chairperson.  Applications will be presented to the Board of Directors for membership consideration.

(B) The Board of Directors shall review and vote on all applications.  Upon acceptance, the member shall enjoy all privileges offered by the CHAPTER and Friends of Mineralogy, Inc.

(C) New members shall be furnished with a copy of the Bylaws and Operating Procedures of Friends of Mineralogy – Southeast Chapter.

(D) Members shall not receive any salary for their services and they shall not receive reimbursement for expenses related to their attendance at meetings.

NUMBER X      MEMBERSHIP TERMINATION,
                            SUSPENSION AND WITHDRAWAL FROM
                            THE CHAPTER

Section 1            Termination and Suspension

(A) If a person's membership in Friends of Mineralogy, Inc. is terminated, their membership in the CHAPTER is terminated.

(B) Membership in the Friends of Mineralogy- Southeast Chapter may be terminated or suspended for nonpayment of dues. A member who has been dropped from membership because of nonpayment of dues may be reinstated upon payment of the current year's dues.

(C) Membership in the Friends of Mineralogy – Southeast CHAPTER may be terminated or suspended for violations of the Charter, Articles of Incorporation, Bylaws, or Operating Procedures or for conduct that is unethical or contrary to purposes and objectives of Friends of Mineralogy, Inc.  Should the conduct of any member at any time be such as to be considered detrimental to the welfare of the Friends of Mineralogy, such member may be suspended or expelled provided that:

1. The individual is given the opportunity to present arguments against such action.

2. The Board of Directors, after careful consideration of the evidence and of the arguments by the individual, concurs by a majority vote of a quorum.

Section 2          Any member may withdraw from the Friends of Mineralogy- Southeast CHAPTER by presenting a written resignation to the Board of Directors.  Dues will not be refunded.

NUMBER XI                        MEMBERSHIP DUES

Section 1            Dues for all members shall be stated in the Operating Procedures.

(A) If a membership application is received after September 1, the dues will be applied to a membership for the following year.

(B) Dues will be payable on or before the first of January.  The annual membership period is from January 1 to December 31, therefore, a member shall be considered delinquent if dues are unpaid by January 1.

(C) If payment of dues has not been made by April 1, the person will be dropped from the membership list.

NUMBER XII                        MEETINGS

Section 1          All meetings of the general membership and the Board of Directors will be conducted according to Robert's Rules of Order.

Section 2          Board of Directors meetings shall be held quarterly as called by the President or at the request of three (3) members of the Board.  General membership meetings shall be held as listed in the Operating Procedures or as announced in the current newsletter.

Section 3            Meeting Location

(A) The regular meeting location shall be the Museum of Geological Sciences at Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, Virginia.

(B) Meetings may be held at times and in locations other than those specified in (A) above, with the approval of the Board of Directors.

Section 4          Special meetings for the purpose of education or matters of business may be called by the Board of Directors at any time in a place determined by them.

NUMBER XIII                        PROHIBITED ACTIVITIES

Section 1          Notwithstanding anything contained herein, no Officer, Director, member, employee or representative of this corporation shall take any action or carry on any activity by or on behalf of the corporation not appropriate under Section 501 c (3) of the Internal Revenue Code and its regulations, as they now exist or as they may hereafter be amended.

Section 2            No Officer, Director, or member shall enter into any agreement or contract on behalf of the CHAPTER without the approval of the Board of Directors.

Section 3            The membership list and membership information is available for CHAPTER use only and as required by Friends of Mineralogy, Inc. This information shall not be offered for use or circulation by any other agency or persons without the approval of the Board of Directors.

FRIENDS OF MINERALOGY-SOUTHEAST CHAPTER

OPERATING PROCEDURES

NUMBER I                        PERFORMANCE STATEMENT

Section 1          The Southeast CHAPTER will conduct its affairs within the framework of Friends of Mineralogy, Inc.'s Bylaws, Operating Procedures, and guidelines in order to advance the goals of the Friends of Mineralogy, and will not engage in any activity which, by its nature, is contrary to the Friends of Mineralogy's policies and goals, or will jeopardize the tax status of the Friends of Mineralogy, Inc.

NUMBER II                        DUTIES AND POWERS OF
                                             OFFICERS

Section 1          All Officers, Directors and Chairpersons shall comply with the Bylaws and Operating Procedures of the Southeast CHAPTER and Friends of Mineralogy, Inc.

Section 2   The President shall:

(A) Act as presiding officer at all regular and special meetings of the CHAPTER and the Board of Directors. He/she shall call special meetings as deemed necessary.

(B) Act with executive power in conducting the activities of the CHAPTER.

(C) Represent the CHAPTER at meetings and functions which affect the CHAPTER.  If the President is unable to attend, he/she shall appoint a representative from the Board of Directors and delegate all powers of the office so that person may act effectively on behalf of the CHAPTER.

(D) Appoint Chairpersons for the following Standing Committees: Membership, Program, Newsletter and Audit.

(E) Appoint special and/or temporary committees as needed.

(F) Appoint a Nominating Committee of three (3) persons to seek suitable candidates for elected positions at least sixty (60) days prior to the scheduled election.

(G) File a report of CHAPTER activities with the Secretary of Friends of Mineralogy, Inc., annually by December 31st.  The report shall be compiled by the President with input from the Board of Directors and the general membership.

Section 3            The Vice President shall:

(A) Assume the duties of the President during his/her absence.

(B) Act as Assistant Treasurer

(C) Have responsibilities for other duties as directed by the President.

Section 4            The Secretary shall:

(A) Record, as minutes, the transactions of all meetings.

(B) Act as liaison with the Friends of Mineralogy, Inc.

(C) Keep current copies of the Bylaws and Operating Procedures on file at both the CHAPTER and the Friends of Mineralogy, Inc.

(D) Coordinate with the CHAPTER Treasurer and the CHAPTER Membership Chairperson to create and maintain a current membership list and mailing list.

(E) Ensure the Secretary of Friends of Mineralogy, Inc., receives CHAPTER newsletter, bulletins, minutes and special reports.

(F) Collect and store all historical records relating to CHAPTER activities.

Section 5            The Treasurer shall:

(A) Receive and deposit all funds of the CHAPTER in a bank or other depository as approved by the Board of Directors.  The CHAPTER Treasurer shall keep a complete and accurate record of all receipts and expenditures, balance the account books at the end of each month, and render a complete financial report at every Board of Directors meeting, annually to the CHAPTER, and at other times as required.

(B) Keep an accurate account of all real and personal property of the CHAPTER.  The CHAPTER Treasurer shall be property custodian and shall delegate the duties of custodian with the approval of the Board of Directors.

(C) File a financial report for the fiscal year January 1 to December 31 with the Secretary and Treasurer of Friends of Mineralogy, Inc., annually.  This report will be forwarded only upon approval by the Board of Directors.

(D) Coordinate with the CHAPTER Secretary and Membership Committee Chairperson to create a current membership list and mailing list to be maintained by the Secretary.

(E) Collect a dues assessment to cover National membership in Friends of Mineralogy, Inc., in the amount of five dollars ($5.00) per member or a future amount as may be determined by Friends of Mineralogy, Inc.  The CHAPTER Treasurer shall submit these dues and a current membership list to the Treasurer of Friends of Mineralogy, Inc. quarterly.

(F) Surrender all account books and records to the Audit Committee annually and additionally at the request of the board of Directors.  A copy of the finding of the Audit Committee shall be submitted to the Board of Directors and entered into the minutes of the first quarterly meeting of the Board of Directors.

(G) Preserve all records of the office and relinquish possession thereof to his/her successor.

NUMBER III                        REQUIRED REPORTS

Section 1          The CHAPTER will file reports of its activities, finances, changes in membership, Board members and organization to Friends of Mineralogy, Inc. as follows:

(A) The Chapter President shall file a report of CHAPTER activities with the Secretary of Friends of Mineralogy, Inc. annually by December 31st.  This report will be compiled by the outgoing President with the input of the Board of Directors and the general membership.

(B) The CHAPTER President shall respond, within thirty (30) days, in the event the National President of Friends of Mineralogy, Inc., notifies the CHAPTER they are in violation of the conditions of the Charter membership.  The reply must outline the rebuttal of or remedy to the violation.

(C) The CHAPTER Secretary shall file a copy of all changes in the bylaws and Operating Procedures with the Secretary of Friends of Mineralogy, Inc.

(D) The CHAPTER Secretary shall report changes in Officers, Directors and Chairpersons to the Secretary of Friends of Mineralogy, Inc.

(E) The CHAPTER Secretary shall inform the Secretary and Treasurer of the Friends of Mineralogy, Inc., concerning changes in membership.  When reporting the termination of a member, the CHAPTER Secretary shall include the reason for the termination and whether that termination applies to membership in Friends of Mineralogy, Inc., as well as the CHAPTER.

(F) The CHAPTER Treasurer shall file a financial report for the fiscal year January 1 to December 31 with the Secretary and Treasurer of Friends of Mineralogy, Inc., annually. This report will be forwarded only upon approval by the Board of Directors.

(G) The CHAPTER Treasurer shall collect a dues assessment to cover National membership in Friends of Mineralogy, Inc., in the amount of five dollars ($5.00) per member or a future amount as may be determined by Friends of Mineralogy. Inc.  The CHAPTER Treasurer shall submit these dues and a current membership list to the Treasurer of Friends of Mineralogy, Inc., quarterly.

NUMBER IV                        CHAPTER COMMITTEES

Section 1          All CHAPTER Committees shall operate according to customary Operating Procedures as determined by the Committee Chairperson and approved by the Board of Directors.

NUMBER V                        DUTIES OF CHAIRPERSONS
                                              OF STANDING COMMITTEES

Section 1          The Membership Chairperson shall be in charge of the Standing membership Committee.  He/she may be an Officer, Director or a volunteer from the membership at-large.  The Membership Chairperson shall:

(A) Recruit volunteers to serve on the Membership Committee.

(B) Recruit new members for the CHAPTER.

(C) Maintain an accurate membership database and mailing list.

(D) Manage the new member application and approval process in conjunction with the Board of Directors.

(E) Attend all meetings of the Board of Directors and the General Membership.

Section 2          The Program Chairperson shall be in charge of the Standing Program Committee.  He/she may be an Officer, Director or a volunteer from the membership at-large. The Program Chairperson shall:

(A) Recruit volunteers to serve on the Program Committee.

(B) Assure that a program is provided for each general membership meeting.

(C) Coordinate with the Newsletter Chairperson to assure that all programs are announced in the newsletter.

(D) Organize and direct all educational outreach activities for the CHAPTER.

(E) Attend all meeting of the Board of Directors and the general membership.

Section 3          The Newsletter Chairperson shall be in charge of the Standing Newsletter Committee.  He/she may be an Officer, Director or a volunteer from the membership at-large.  The Newsletter Chairperson shall:

(A) Recruit volunteers to serve on the Newsletter Committee.

(B) Communicate with the President and other Board members to assure accurate and timely information is included in the newsletter.

(C) Organize the writing, editing, copying and mailing of the CHAPTER newsletter.

(D) Attend all meetings of the Board of Directors and the general membership.

Section 4          The Audit Committee Chairperson shall be in charge of the Standing Audit Committee.  He/she may be an officer, Director or a volunteer from the membership at-large. The Audit Committee Chairperson shall:

(A) Coordinate with the President, Treasurer and other members of the Board of Directors in conducting a thorough review of the CHAPTER'S financial records.

(B) Organize, write, edit and deliver to the Board of Directors a report of the Committee's findings pursuant to their review of the financial records.

NUMBER VI                        MAINTENANCE OF CHAPTER
                                               RECORDS

Section 1          The CHAPTER Officers, Directors and Committee Chairpersons shall preserve and maintain the integrity of CHAPTER'S records as follows:

(A) The CHAPTER'S historical records shall be stored at a safe, readily accessible location to be determined by the Board of Directors.

(B) The CHAPTER Secretary shall be in charge of collecting and storing all historical records.

(C) All historical records must be given to the Secretary by the Officers, Directors or Committee Chairpersons at the first quarterly meeting of the Board of Directors.

NUMBER VII                        MEMBERSHIP DUES

Section 1            Annual membership dues shall be:

(A) Single Membership – The dues for a single individual membership shall be Twenty dollars ($20.00) per year.

(B) Family Membership – The dues for a family, all of whom reside at the same address, shall be thirty dollars ($30.00) per year.

(C) Student Membership – Students enrolled full-time in an accredited educational institution shall pay dues of ten dollars ($10.00) per year.

(D) CHAPTER dues shall include five dollars ($5.00) to cover membership in the National Friends of Mineralogy, Inc.

NUMBER VIII                        MEETINGS

Section 1          Board of Directors meetings shall be held quarterly as called by the President or at the request of three (3) members of the Board.

Section 2          General membership meetings shall be held as announced in the current newsletter.

Section 3          Special meetings may be called at the discretion of the Board of Directors for educational or other business purposes.

NUMBER IX                        DISSOLUTION OF THE
                                               CHAPTER